Pyrolysis Of Lignocellulosic Biomass Research Articles

Novel Staged Free-Fall Reactor for the (Catalytic) Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Waste Plastics

Novel Staged Free-Fall Reactor for the (Catalytic) Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Waste Plastics

A novel three-stage ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis process for improved bio-oil yield and quality from lignocellulosic biomass

This study aims to improve the quality and yield of bio-oil produced from ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (sawdust) using a combination of stage catalysts with Al-MCM-41, HZSM-5, and ZrO2. The research employed various methods, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry, bench-scale experiments, and process simulations to analyze the kinetics, thermodynamics, products, and energy flows of the catalytic upgrading process. The introduction of ZrO2 enhances the yield of monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) in heavy organics. Compared with the dual-catalyst case, the MAHs yield escalates by approximately 344% at a catalyst ratio of 1:3:0.25. Additionally, GC-MS data indicate that the incorporation of ZrO2 promotes the deoxygenation reaction of the guaiacol compound and the oligomerization reactions of PAHs. The integration of ZrO2 as the third catalyst enhances the yield of heavy organics significantly, achieving 16.85% at a catalyst ratio of 1:3:1, which increases by nearly 35.6% compared to the dual-catalyst case. Also, the addition of ZrO2 as the third catalyst enhanced the energy distribution in heavy organics. These findings suggest that the combination of these catalysts improves the fuel properties and yields of the bio-oil.

Optimizing capacitance performance: Solar pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for homogeneous porosity in carbon production

This work compares the effect of using a solar reactor against a conventional electrical furnace to obtain carbon materials by pyrolysis of a lignocellulosic precursor. The solar reactor is directly irradiated and includes modifications to improve the control of the process and the reproducibility of solar experiments. A bagasse of agave creole was selected as the lignocellulosic precursor or biomass to obtain carbon materials at temperatures of 700 °C. Comparing carbons produced by conventional and solar pyrolysis, higher crystallinity and lower hydrophilicity are evident in the former. Moreover, conventional pyrolysis tends to promote a more homogeneous porous structure in comparison to solar pyrolysis. However, within the spectrum of solar carbons produced, the morphology of biomass plays a crucial role in influencing the chemical composition and porosity properties. Specifically, the use of fibers instead of powders to produce carbons through solar pyrolysis results in a more homogeneous porosity, attributed to an enhanced volumetric absorption of solar radiation. This modification leads to a significant improvement in capacitance, increasing from 125 F/g to 175 F/g at 5 mV/s in aqueous electrolytes. The carbons from the solar furnace are reproducible, underlying the potential of the proposed process towards a sustainable alternative. To achieve a theoretical reference, the pyrolysis process was mimic trough Reactive Molecular Dynamics calculations modeling the initial structural conditions of agave biomass with its corresponding lignocellulosic components and considering analogous thermal conditions. The resulting carbon structures at the end of the simulations showed structural properties that are consistent with those observed in the pair distribution functions obtained from XRD and the pore size distribution from physisorption analyses. This combined experimental–theoretical approach offers the potential to elucidate porous carbon structures derived from pyrolysis processes powered by solar radiation . This method can help in the design and identification of lignocellulosic structures in biomass, with the resulting carbon materials suitable for energy storage applications.

Study on the effect mechanism of Ca and Mg with different anion on lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis

Alkaline earth metals (AEMs) act an important role on biomass pyrolysis, which is significant to explore its specific mechanism for further understanding biomass pyrolysis. This study analyzed the influence of Ca and Mg with different anion (CaO, CaCO3, CaCl2, MgSO4, MgCl2) on biomass pyrolysis, and explored the influence mechanism on the pyrolytic products. Ca and Mg with different anion had obvious different effect on the pyrolytic products from biomass. CaCO3 had little effect on the distribution of products. And CaO might react with CO2 and acetic acid to form CaCO3, which resulted in that solid yield obviously increased and oil yield decreased. Besides, CaCl2 and MgCl2 intensified the ring-open reaction of pyran ring to generate furan. And the formed acidic condition from CaCl2 and MgCl2 decomposition might be beneficial to C-C fracture, carboxylation to generate linear aliphatic, CO2, and acetic acid, but inhibited the generation of CO. Compared with Ca, Mg had more promotion on the generation of linear aliphatics and cyclopentanones. For biomass, CaCl2 and MgCl2 adding might weaken the connection bond between the hemicellulose and cellulose (HC-C) and hemicellulose and lignin (HC-L) in biomass, and resulted in phenyl and CO2 decreasing but androsugar increasing. However, CaO addition could result in androsurgar decreasing with phenyl increasing.

Multi-step kinetic mechanism coupled with CFD modeling of slow pyrolysis of biomass at different heating rates

This study employed numerical modeling to investigate the reactivity and kinetics involved in the slow pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The model integrates a biomass multi-step kinetics scheme with heat, momentum, and mass transfer, and it was based on the transport of species and flow in a porous medium approach. To develop the multi-step kinetics model, two samples of biomass, avocado stone (AS) with a high hemicellulose content and α-cellulose (CEL), were subjected to TGA experiments in an inert atmosphere. Furthermore, several experimental data in the literature on the evolution of slow pyrolysis products and data obtained by TGA experiments were considered to refine and validate the proposed kinetic mechanism. The temperature range, from 25 to 700 °C, was explored using different heating rates (10, 20, and 40 °C/min). Experimental results showed that CO and CO2 are the predominant gases during primary devolatilization, whereas H2 and CH4 result from secondary reactions at temperatures above 400 °C. The proposed mechanism involves computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of laboratory-scale biomass pyrolysis, comparing temperature and species concentrations with experimental data. The predicted results for individual non-condensable gas mass yields showed an average relative error of below 6.90 % and 11.59 % for CEL and AS, respectively. In the case of biochar, the error was 6.41 % and 9.74 % for AS and CEL, respectively. The developed kinetic model can be applied to simulate the slow pyrolytic degradation of biomass based on its chemical composition.

Prediction of product yields from lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis based on gaussian process regression

The physicochemical characteristics of biomass, as well as the operational conditions of pyrolysis, are crucial factors that influence the production yield of tri-phase products during the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Gaussian process regression (GPR) algorithms, being significant machine learning algorithms, are utilized for the prediction of pyrolytic product yields. These algorithms take into account the influence of biomass characteristics and pyrolysis conditions in a comprehensive manner. All of the prediction models exhibit strong performance, with R2 values exceeding 0.90 and RMSE values below 0.18. The study employed the Partial Dependence Plot (PDP) method to assess the influence patterns of individual features or interactions between two factors on the pyrolysis products. The findings indicate that the ultimate temperature reached during the pyrolysis process is a critical factor in influencing the generation of gaseous byproducts and solid residues. Specifically, higher temperatures are associated with increased production of gaseous byproducts and decreased production of solid residues. The optimal liquid phase yield was achieved at temperatures between 500 °C and 650 °C. In this research, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was employed to predict the optimal yields of pyrolysis products. This study offers a novel perspective on predicting product yields from the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with varying biomass characteristics and under different operational conditions.

Valorization to hydrogen of bio-oil aqueous fractions from lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis by aqueous phase reforming over Pt/C catalyst

Aqueous phase reforming was studied for the valorization to hydrogen of the aqueous fraction of bio-oil from lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis. Aqueous phase reforming was carried out at 220 °C with a 3 % wt. Pt/carbon catalyst and an aqueous fraction of bio-oil feed containing 1 % wt. of organic matter. Binary and multicomponent mixtures representing aqueous fractions of bio-oil were studied. Strong hydrogen production dependence on aqueous fraction of bio-oil composition was evidenced. Higher processability was obtained for aqueous fractions of bio-oil rich in levoglucosan and hydroxyacetone, reaching a hydrogen production close to 40 mmol per gram of organic carbon, whereas furfural and acetic acid hampered reforming. A significant influence of minority components such as methanol and, particularly, formic acid, was observed. These components improved reforming of the whole multicomponent mixture, showing that blending with biorefinery fractions rich in them can improve the applicability of aqueous phase reforming. The catalyst exhibited stable activity and hydrogen production after 5 reaction cycles and more than 20 h. An increase in selectivity was observed during cycles 2 and 3, which was studied by characterization of fresh and used catalysts to show structure-selectivity relationships. No significant variation of Pt2+/Pt0 and metal particle mean diameter were observed, but Pt nanoparticles underwent morphological changes leading to higher prevalence of low coordination sites, in particular step-edge sites on the particle surface, resulting in higher hydrogen production. Temperature programmed desorption and oxidation analysis showed a cumulative deposition of reaction byproducts on the catalyst surface that contributed to loss of activity.

Assessing the changes in thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulose when shifting from batch to continuous biomass feeding modes

Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis has been earlier studied in a large variety of reaction systems. However, there is a lack of information on the effects of passing from batch to continuous feeding mode (BM vs CM) despite being a necessary step in the scaling up of the process. In this sense, the main aim of this work is to conduct a comparative study of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis using the same reactor but varying the biomass feeding methods under thermal and catalytic conditions and different thermal zone temperatures (350 and 500 °C). Under thermal conditions, significant differences have been observed between both feeding systems. When operating in CM, the production of char decreases, particularly at 500 °C, from 27.3 to 18.9 wt % while the generation of gases increases. This can be attributed to the differences in the feeding mode since the CM allows a higher biomass heating rate, resulting in a more efficient lignocellulose decomposition. On the other hand, the balance between the higher residence time and the lower concentration of the vapours reduces the occurrence of secondary cracking reactions. Consequently, the share of water in the liquid fraction diminishes in CM, although only a notable increase of bio-oil* (bio-oil in water-free basis) is observed at 500 °C (39.9 vs 45.0 wt %). The bio-oil* molecular composition is also modified by this shifting, leading to higher sugars and oxygenated-aromatics in the CM reactor at 500 °C. The different operation modes also affect the interaction between the vapours and the catalyst when the n-ZSM-5 is introduced into the reactor. The vapours are more diluted in CM in comparison with the batch one, allowing a more progressive and efficient catalytic conversion. As a result, less coke is deposited over the zeolite catalyst leading to an enhanced production of aromatic hydrocarbons, achieving yields of ca. 7.6 wt %.

Effect of different pre-treatment techniques on thermogravimetric characteristics and kinetics of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis

In this study, effect of pre-treatments on biomass pyrolysis kinetics was evaluated. Fir wood sawdust (F), pine wood sawdust (P) and hazelnut shell (H) were selected as raw biomass sample. Acidic pre-treatment was applied by using 1M-H2SO4 at room conditions and hydrothermal pre-treatment applied by using high pressure and temperature reactor. Thermogravimetric analysis was executed to specify thermal degradation behavior of the samples. Thermogravimetric analysis was also used to determine kinetic parameters of thermal degradation for biomass and pre-treated biomass samples. Having knowledge thermal degradation behavior and kinetic parameters of pyrolysis process such as activation energy and reaction rate are very important for reactor design. Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Coats-Redfern (CR) methods were used to investigate the effect of different pre-treatment techniques on the kinetic parameters. Activation energies of pyrolysis reactions for F, P and H were found as 158.47 ± 1.08 kJ/mol, 126.0 ± 1.78 kJ/mol and 158.66 ± 1.24 kJ/mol, respectively. The calculated activation energy values increased while acidic and hydrothermal pre-treatment were applied to each biomass samples. In conclusion, acidic and hydrothermal pre-treatments influenced the serial and parallel reaction rates during the thermal degradation process and the calculated activation energy values changed accordingly. Inorganics that catalyzed the pyrolysis reactions were removed by acid pre-treatment. The condensed species during hydrothermal pre-treatment prevented the easy volatilization. As a result of experimental studies and kinetic calculations, it has been determined that pre-treatments applied to biomass increased the activation energy value in thermal degradation reactions.

Numerical Solution of nth Order DAEM for Kinetic Study of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pyrolysis

The aim of the present study was to explore the most optimal configuration to numerically solve Distributed Activation Energy Models (DAEMs). DAEMs are useful in obtaining the kinetic parameters in non-isothermal kinetic studies using a thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA). Compared to other kinetic models, DAEMs provide an additional kinetic parameter that quantifies the extent of the reaction (σ) for each reaction’s mean activation energy (E ̅). Although DAEMs are efficacious in kinetic studies, solving DAEMs numerically is challenging. The DAEM equation includes double integration with respect to activation energy and temperature, which involves various numerical discretizations. Previously, many researchers utilized a DAEM to explicate complex reactions such as lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis. However, most of them have yet to propose a numerical approach to solve DAEMs. Therefore, by exploring multiple numerical calculation configurations, here we present a general structure to numerically solve nth order and first-order DAEMs. The exploration includes determining the optimal integration limit of activation energy and the discretization of activation energy and temperature integration. From the investigation, we came up with a configuration that limits the integration of activation energy from E ̅-3σ to E ̅+3σ. Meanwhile, the number of integration points for temperature and activation energy must be 51 and 21, respectively. By using this configuration, DAEM can be utilized optimally in kinetic studies.

Catalytic co-pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene and lignin over Cu-modified HZSM-5: Insight with online photoionization mass spectrometry

Catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass usually suffers from coking because of its hydrogen-deficient and oxygen-rich nature. The co-feeding of biomass with plastics may enhance product quality. Herein, we studied the catalytic co-pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and lignin (LG) over HZSM-5 modified with Cu. The effects of Cu valence and feedstock mass ratio on the product distributions were characterized by online photoionization mass spectrometry. Our results show that the addition of Cu limits the formation of aliphatics and promotes the aromatization reaction to produce monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs). The Cu2O/HZSM-5 catalyst exhibits better dehydrogenation activity and promotes the formation of phenolics, while the CuO/HZSM-5 catalyst has a better selectivity for MAHs. In addition, the feedstock mass ratio was also screened, indicating that the highest yield of aromatics was obtained at a mass ratio of 1:3 (LG: LDPE). This work provides new insights into the efficient use of biomass and plastics.

Conversion of solid wastes and natural biomass for deciphering the valorization of biochar in pollution abatement: A review on the thermo-chemical processes

This overview addresses the formation of solid trash and the various forms of waste from a variety of industries, which environmentalists have embraced. The paper investigates the negative effects on the environment caused by unsustainable management of municipal solid trash as well as the opportunities presented by the formal system. This examination looks at the origins of solid waste as well as the typical treatment methods. Pyrolysis methods, feedstock pyrolysis, and lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis were highlighted. Explain in detail the various thermochemical processes that take place during the pyrolysis of biomass. Due to its carbon content, low cost, accessibility, ubiquitousness, renewable nature, and environmental friendliness, biomass waste is a unique biochar precursor. This study looks at the different types of biomass waste that are available for treating wastewater. This study discussed a wide variety of reactors. Adsorption is the standard method that is used the most frequently to remove hazardous organic, dye, and inorganic pollutants from wastewater. These pollutants cause damage to the environment and water supplies, thus it is important to remove them. Adsorption is both simple and inexpensive to utilize. Temperature-dependent conversions explain the kinetic theories of biomaterial biochemical degradation. This article presents a review that explains how pyrolytic breakdown char materials can be used to reduce pollution and improve environmental management.

Quantitative Low-Field 19 F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Carbonyl Groups in Pyrolysis Oils.

Pyrolysis bio-oils, one of the products of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis, have the potential to be widely used as fuels. The chemical composition of bio-oils is very complicated as they contain hundreds, if not thousands, of different, mostly oxygen-containing, compounds with a wide distribution of physical properties, chemical structures, and concentrations. Detailed knowledge of bio-oil composition is crucial for optimizing both the pyrolysis processes and for any subsequent upgrading into a more viable fuel resource. Here we report the successful use of low-field, or benchtop, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers in the analysis of pyrolysis oils. Pyrolysis oils from four different feedstocks were derivatized and analyzed using 19 F NMR techniques. The NMR results compare favorably with titrations for total carbonyl content. In addition, the benchtop NMR spectrometer proves able to reveal key spectral features, thus allowing the quantification of different carbonyl groups, such as aldehydes, ketones and quinones. Benchtop NMR spectrometers are typically compact, cheaper than their superconducting counterparts and do not require cryogens. Their use will make NMR analysis of pyrolysis oils easier and more accessible to a wide range of different potential users.

Investigation of Pyrolysis of Walnut Shells and Pyrolysis Oil Quality

The energy demand is increasing in parallel with the technological developments and population in the world. Fossil fuels are the main source for this demand. As a result of energy production from fossil fuels, natural environment is adversely affected. Furthermore, many countries depend on the fossil fuels for their energy need. Researchers have been interested in alternative energy sources such as solar, biomass, and wind. There are many studies for investigating pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Studies mainly focused on the chemical structure of pyrolysis oil from different feedstocks. In this study, producing pyrolysis oil from walnut shells using pyrolysis reactor, investigating pyrolysis oil properties while comparing it with fossil fuels to determine if the oil can be used in internal combustion engines are investigated. The effect of pyrolysis reaction temperature on pyrolysis oil yield is studied. The results indicates that pyrolysis oil can be produced from walnut shells, the reaction temperature is an important factor on pyrolysis oil yield and pyrolysis oil has complex nature compare to fossil fuels.

Biomass solar fast pyrolysis with a biomimetic mini heliostat field and thermal receiver for nitrogen heating

Biofuels may significantly influence the world's transition from hydrocarbons to renewable energies. Pyrolysis uses thermal energy in an anaerobic ambiance to crack biomass and create biofuels (bio-oil and synthesis gas). This work reports a detailed computational study of a novel system to develop fast biomass pyrolysis with concentrated solar energy. A fluidized bed reactor was coupled to a solar thermal receiver to heat the inert fluid (nitrogen) using a biomimetic mini heliostat field which provides the required thermal energy. A detailed kinetic model for the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass was solved simultaneously with a set of differential equations based on mass, momentum, and energy conservation principles. An Eulerian-Eulerian approach was considered with three phases. The computational model was compared with data reported in the literature for the fluidized bed reactor and heat transfer in the solar thermal receiver with good agreement. Concentrated solar fluxes on the receiver, nitrogen outlet temperatures, temperature contours inside the reactor, concentration contours of relevant gases, and global product percentages (Tar, Char, and Gas) are reported. The products reach an almost constant composition of Gas, Tar, and Char after 6 s of reaction, indicating the annual operational stability of the solar pyrolysis plant in terms of biofuel production.

Understanding the influence of solvents on the Pt-catalyzed hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol

Bio-oil derived from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass needs to be deoxygenated to become a substitute for petroleum fuels. Here, we study the hydrodeoxygenation mechanism of guaiacol, a bio-oil model compound derived from the lignin fraction of biomass, on Pt(111) terrace sites in the presence of water, diethyl ether, 1-butanol, and n-hexane as solvent. Using first-principles periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations and mean-field microkinetic reactor modeling, a detailed reaction mechanism is investigated targeting various products such as catechol, phenol, anisole, benzene, cyclohexanone, and cyclohexanol. Solvent phase DFT outcomes are mostly similar to that of the vapor phase; however, microkinetic modeling results suggest that rate controlling species and transition states differ somewhat in the various reaction environments. Catechol was found to be the major aromatic product across all reaction environments. Over Pt(111), unsaturated monooxygenate production from catechol is unlikely.

Catalytic and char-promoting effects of potassium on lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction and pyrolysis

Torrefaction is a potential pretreatment method to produce biochar used as a solid fuel or as an environmentally friendly construction material. However, the torrefaction performance varies when wood composition and mineral content change. Potassium (K) is an abundant mineral present in plants and is claimed to influence the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, a full understanding of the role of potassium is required to predict torrefaction behavior. Samples of beech, celluloses, hemicelluloses, and lignin were impregnated with different potassium carbonate K2CO3 concentrations (0.004, 0.008, and 0.012 M). Thermogravimetric analysis was utilized to analyze their thermal degradation characteristics under different temperatures. At 250 °C, the catalytic effect of potassium was weak. At 300 °C, potassium acted as a catalyst until a precise mass loss (65 wt%) and torrefaction duration (105 min) promoted char formation. The changed effect of this weight loss was possibly related to the relative increase in lignin content compared to cellulose and hemicelluloses While at a higher temperature (380 °C), the catalytic effect of potassium was rapid, and the increased char content was better observed. The potassium was found to act mainly on cellulose and hemicelluloses. After pyrolysis, the char weight increased with K up to 25.86 and 15.23 % for heating rates of 10 and 20 K min−1, respectively. FTIR and XRD showed that potassium did not significantly impact the structure or the crystallinity of wood at ambient conditions. The obtained results provide a novel insight into the role of potassium in the thermal treatment of biomass, with a better understanding of the thermal degradation mechanisms. This information could help to reduce the operating time and/or temperature, thus rendering torrefaction a green method for waste wood valorization.

Sequential pyrolysis for understanding specific influence of cellulose- and lignin-derived volatiles on properties of counterpart char

Interactions of cellulose- and lignin-derived intermediates have been well documented during pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The reaction network for the interactions is rather complex, as cellulose-derived volatiles could interact/react with not only lignin-derived volatiles but also lignin-derived char and vice versa. To probe specifically the impacts of cellulose-derived volatiles on the lignin-derived char or the opposite, herein the sequential pyrolysis was performed by arranging cellulose in the upper bed with lignin in the lower bed or lignin above with cellulose below at 350 and 650 °C, respectively. The results indicated that the sequential pyrolysis of cellulose→lignin or lignin→cellulose at 350 °C induced increased char yield from formation of carbonaceous deposits via volatiles-char interactions. Compared with the lignin-derived volatiles, the cellulose-derived volatiles, especially aldehyde fractions, were more reactive towards the lignin-derived char at 350 °C, forming oxygen-rich lignin-derived char with a higher yield, an abundance of aliphatic structures and consequently lower thermal stability. In sequential pyrolysis of lignin→cellulose, more aromatics-rich species were deposited on cellulose-derived char, but the lignin-derived volatiles were less reactive for enhancing the char yield. At 650 °C, instead of polymerisation of the volatiles on the char, either the cellulose- or lignin-derived char catalyzed the cracking of the counterpart volatiles to remove the aliphatic functionalities, which made the char more aromatic and thermally more stable.

Critical insights into pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of poplar and eucalyptus wood sawdust: Physico-chemical characterization, kinetic triplets, reaction mechanism, and thermodynamic analysis

Critical information on physico-chemical characterization, thermo-kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters for pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass are vital for safe and efficient design of biomass pyrolysis reactors. In the present investigation, physico-chemical characterization, pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis kinetics, and thermodynamic analysis of poplar wood (PW), eucalyptus wood (EW), and their binary blend (MW) were studied via TGA-thermograms obtained at 5, 10, and 20 °C/min under nitrogen atmosphere. The kinetic parameters were computed via model-fitting (inflection point and multiple linear regression) and model-free (OFW and KAS) methods. Both approaches predicted a different set of kinetic triplets where E-value from model-fitting (73.20 ± 1.57, 55.68 ± 1.34, 65.56 ± 1.18 kJ/mol for PW, EW, and MW) and model-free (173.86 ± 0.48, 210.53 ± 0.39, and 203.47 ± 0.23 kJ/mol for PW, EW, and MW) methods was predicted. Endothermicity, degree of stability, and energy barrier were found to be in the order of EW > MW > PW, EW > MW = PW, and EW = MW > PW, respectively. Further, behavior of pyrolysis reaction was established with the help of Criado method using Z(α) master plots. At initial conversion, diffusional processes predominate which was best described by D1 (1-D diffusion; Parabola law) and thereafter nuclei grew according to first- and third-order reaction models.

Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with other carbonaceous materials: A review on advance technologies, synergistic effect, and future prospectus

Due to the continuous rise in population, modernization, and industrialization, the demand for energy is increasing day by day, resulting in serious issues such as fossil fuel depletion, pollution, and power shortages. As a result, there is an urgent need to investigate alternate energy sources. Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis has been shown as the most promising feedstock for the production of sustainable and renewable biofuels. Unfortunately, the fuel characteristics of bio-oil generated from biomass pyrolysis are still insufficient to meet petroleum products ASTM standards. To address these challenges, co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with other carbonaceous materials (e.g., plastic waste, Tyre garbage etc.) is emerging as one of the most promising approaches. Various experimental studied have been conducted on lignocellulosic biomasses co-pyrolysis with other carbonaceous materials such as plastic waste, tire waste, coal, algae and sewage sludge. The present manuscript aims to review and establish the scope of co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with various carbon rich feedstocks for renewable production of high-quality renewable fuels. The synergistic effect between lignocellulosic biomass and other carbonaceous materials has been explored in detail. Furthermore, recent advances in co-pyrolysis process along with the reaction affecting parameters are also summarized in brief. Consequently, this review demonstrates both highlights of the remarkable achievement of co-pyrolysis and the milestones that are necessary to be garnered in the future.